Kazakhstan/

Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan’s industrial sector is primarily focused on the extraction and processing of these natural resources. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 and 8% or more per year in 2002-07 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector but also to economic reform, good harvests, and increased foreign investment; GDP growth slowed dramatically following the near-collapse of the banking sector in late 2007 and the declines in oil and metals prices associated with the global economic downturn in 2008-09. Kazakhstan has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector as well expanding export markets away from its historical reliance on Russia. Nevertheless, growth is still driven by oil. The government has engaged in several disputes with Western oil companies over the terms of production agreements, most recently, with regard to the Kashagan project in 2007-08 and the Karachaganak project in 2009.

$193.8 billion (2010 est.)

$184.8 billion (2009 est.)

$182.6 billion (2008 est.)

$129.8 billion (2010 est.)

4.9% (2010 est.)

1.2% (2009 est.)

3.3% (2008 est.)

$12,500 (2010 est.)

$12,000 (2009 est.)

$11,900 (2008 est.)

8.718 million (2010 est.)

5.5% (2010 est.)

6.3% (2009 est.)

12.1% (2008)

28.8 (2008)

31.5 (2003)

27.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

15.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

14.2% of GDP (2009 est.)

6.7% (2010 est.)

7.3% (2009 est.)

7% (31 December 2009)

10.5% (31 December 2008)

NA% (31 December 2008)

$20.91 billion (31 December 2010 est)

$16.66 billion (31 December 2009 est)

$65.55 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$52.83 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$44.53 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$39.72 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$57.66 billion (31 December 2009)

$31.08 billion (31 December 2008)

$41.38 billion (31 December 2007)

grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock

oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials

7.3% (2010 est.)

78.4 billion kWh (2009 est.)

77.9 billion kWh (2009 est.)

3.617 billion kWh (2007 est.)

1.94 billion kWh (2009 est.)

1.54 million bbl/day (2009 est.)

241,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

1.345 million bbl/day (2009 est.)

164,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

30 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

35.61 billion cu m (2009 est.)

33.68 billion cu m (2008 est.)

17.66 billion cu m (2008 est.)

3.72 billion cu m (2009 est.)

2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)

$6.993 billion (2010 est.)

-$3.405 billion (2009 est.)

$59.23 billion (2010 est.)

$43.84 billion (2009 est.)

oil and oil products 59%, ferrous metals 19%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal

China 16.34%, France 9.23%, Germany 8.32%, Russia 6.9%, Ukraine 5.52%, Romania 5.25%, Italy 5.12%, US 4.34% (2009)

$30.11 billion (2010 est.)

$28.77 billion (2009 est.)

machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs

Russia 28.5%, China 26.72%, Germany 6.59%, Italy 5.58%, Ukraine 4.8% (2009)

$32.44 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$23.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$94.44 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$106.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$83.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$69.46 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$7.208 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$5.708 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

tenge (KZT) per US dollar - 147.28 (2010), 147.5 (2009), 120.25 (2008), 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006)